Urologic cancers
Focused on clear, actionable insights for urologic cancer care.
Understanding urologic cancers
Urologic cancers are a group of cancers that develop in the urinary system of both men and women, as well as in the male reproductive system. These cancers can affect the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra, as well as the prostate, testicles, and the penis in men. Because these organs are responsible for filtering and removing waste, as well as reproductive functions, urologic cancers can have a significant impact on health and quality of life.
Types of urologic cancers
- Bladder cancerBladder cancer most often begins in the urothelial cells that line the inside of the bladder. Most cases are diagnosed at an early stage, when treatment is highly effective. However, even early-stage bladder cancer can return after successful treatment, making ongoing monitoring importantKidney cancerKidney cancer begins when abnormal cells grow in the kidneys, two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the spine. The kidneys play a vital role in filtering blood and producing urine.Prostate cancerProstate cancer develops in the prostate gland, a small walnut-shaped organ located below the bladder and in front of the rectum in men. The prostate produces fluid that helps nourish and transport sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men.Testicular cancerTesticular cancer occurs when malignant cells form in one or both testicles. While serious, it is among the most treatable and curable types of cancer, especially when detected early.Penile cancerPenile cancer is a rare cancer that develops in the tissues of the penis. Because of stigma or embarrassment, patients often delay seeking medical attention, which can make treatment more challenging.Ureteral cancerUreteral cancer is a rare type that arises in the lining of the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.Urethral cancerUrethral cancer develops in the urethra, the tube that allows urine to exit the body. It is rare, more common in men than women, and most often affects people over the age of 75.Adrenal gland tumorsAdrenal tumors occur in the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys. They may be benign or malignant. Even benign adrenal tumors can produce hormones or cause symptoms that affect health.Common symptoms*Symptoms of urologic cancers vary depending on the type of cancer, but may include:
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Blood in the urine (hematuria): often one of the first signs of bladder, kidney or prostate cancer. - Urinary changes: difficulty urinating, frequent urination, pain during urination, or changes in sexual function may be linked to bladder or urethral cancer.
- Visible changes: Growths, sores, or lumps on the penis or testicles may be symptoms of penile or testicular cancer.
Test menu options for urologic cancers
Prostate Cancer
23-gene panel + Genetic Risk ScoreMost Types of Cancer
88-gene panel100% Sensitivity and 96% Specificity Urine Test for Bladder Cancer505-gene panel + MSI & TMB for advanced solid tumorsLearn more about our testing optionsUseful guidesExplore resources for valuable insights into pathology and molecular testing. Access our collection of articles, case studies, and educational materials to enhance your understanding of our diagnostic solutions.FAQSome urologic cancers affect both men and women, such as bladder and kidney (renal) cancer. Others are specific to men, including prostate, testicular, and penile cancers.Risk factors include:- Smoking and other tobacco use
- Age (risk increases as you get older)
- Exposure to workplace chemicals
- Gender (some cancers are male-specific)
- Previous cancer treatment
- Family history of cancer
There is no certain way to prevent urologic cancers, but risk can be reduced by:- Avoiding tobacco products
- Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting highly processed foods and sugary drinks
- Limiting exposure to toxic chemicals
- Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water
- Maintaining a healthy weight
Doctors may use a combination of tests, such as:- Cystoscopy or ureteroscopy to examine the bladder, ureters, and kidneys with a small camera
- Lab tests to detect changes in the blood
- Imaging studies (MRI, X-Ray, ultrasound, CT scan, angiogram) to locate abnormal tissue
- Biopsy to analyze tissue for cancer cells
Treatment depends on cancer type, stage, and patient preference. Options may include:- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Immunotherapy to help the body fight cancer
Many people continue working during treatment, but this depends on the type of treatment, its side effects, and overall health.Yes, cancers such as prostate and bladder cancer can recur after treatment. The likelihood and timing depend on the specific type and stage.Support is available through:- Local and online support groups
- Counseling or therapy
- Patient navigators and nonprofit cancer organizations
- Friends and family networks
Don’t wait, contact your healthcare provider promptly for evaluation.*Note: Experiencing these symptoms does not always mean cancer. If you notice any of them, it’s important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.References
- Urologic Cancers https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/urologic-cancers
- Symptoms & Causes Urologic Cancer https://www.nyp.org/cancer/urologic-cancer
- Bladder Cancer Risk Factors https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
- Ureteral cancer https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20360721
- Urethral Cancer https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/u/urethral-cancer
- What Is Testicular Cancer? https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/about/what-is-testicular-cancer.html
- Prostate Cancer https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8634-prostate-cancer
- Kidney cancer https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352664
- Urologic Cancer Care https://hillman.upmc.com/cancer-care/urologic