Gynecological cancers
Trusted insights to guide care across gynecological cancer diagnoses.
Understanding gynecological cancers
Gynecological cancers occur when cells in a woman’s reproductive organs grow uncontrollably. The main types include cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar cancers, with fallopian tube cancer being a very rare sixth type.
Types of gynecological cancers
- Cervical cancerCervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.Ovarian cancerOvarian cancer begins in the ovaries, the reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.Uterine (endometrial) cancerUterine cancer, also called endometrial cancer, starts in the lining of the uterus (endometrium).Vaginal cancerVaginal cancer is a rare type that begins in the tissues of the vagina, the muscular canal between the cervix and the external genitalia.Vulvar cancerVulvar cancer is also rare and develops in the external female genitalia (the vulva), including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.Common symptoms*
-
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge - common in most gynecologic cancers, except vulvar cancer - Feeling full quickly, difficulty eating, bloating, or abdominal/back pain
- Pelvic pain or pressure – common in ovarian and uterine cancers
- More frequent or urgent urination and/or constipation – common in ovarian and vaginal cancers
- Itching, burning, pain, or tenderness of the vulva, or changes in vulva color or skin (rash, sores, warts) – found only in vulvar cancer
Test menu options for gynecological cancers
Breast and Ovarian cancers
BRCA1/2 del/dup analysisBreast and Ovarian cancers
30-gene panelMost Types of Cancer
88-gene panel505-gene panel + MSI & TMB for advanced solid tumorsLearn more about our testing optionsUseful guidesExplore resources for valuable insights into pathology and molecular testing. Access our collection of articles, case studies, and educational materials to enhance your understanding of our diagnostic solutions.FAQOnly women can develop gynecological cancers, which affect the reproductive organs.Risk factors vary by cancer, but may include:- Reproductive and menstrual history (e.g., early periods, late menopause, never having children)
- Diabetes, obesity, or a weak immune system
- PBV or HIV infection
- Smoking
- Family history of gynecologic or breast cancer
- Previous pelvic radiation
- Use of oral contraceptives, fertility drugs, or estrogen therapy
- Older age
- High-fat diet
While not all cancers can be prevented, you can reduce risk and detect cancer early through:- Pap test for cervical cancer
- HPV vaccination
- Healthy diet and lifestyle
- Genetic testing if you have a family history
Doctors use your medical history, physical exams, and diagnostic tests such as:- Blood tests
- Pap test
- Imaging scans (CT, MRI, ultrasound)
- Biopsy
Treatment depends on your health, cancer type, and stage, and may include:- Surgery
- Chemotherapy or radiation therapy
- Hormone therapy
- Intraperitoneal chemotherapy
- Clinical trials
Some people continue working, but it depends on your treatment, side effects, and overall health.Yes, cancers, especially ovarian, can return after treatment. This is called recurrence, and the risk depends on the type and stage of cancer.Support is available through:- Local and online support groups
- Counseling or therapy
- Patient navigators and nonprofit cancer organizations
- Friends and family networks
Don’t wait, contact your healthcare provider promptly for evaluation.*Note: Experiencing these symptoms does not always mean cancer. If you notice any of them, it’s important to speak with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation.References
- What if my ovarian cancer comes back? https://www.roswellpark.org/cancertalk/202311/what-if-my-ovarian-cancer-comes-back
- Gynecologic Cancers https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gynecological-cancers
- Gynecologic Cancers Treatments https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gynecologic-cancer-care/gynecologic-cancers/treatments
- Gynecologic Cancers Basics https://www.cdc.gov/gynecologic-cancer/about/index.html